LostJared
January 30th, 2006, 07:47
The Atari Virtual Machine
-------------------------
What exactly is this program?
Its a Virtual Machine, NOT a Emulator.. It interprets Atari 800 Assembly Language
with a few extra instructions for modern computers
NO you cannot run Atari 800 ROMS but if you get the assembly source than it can be
interpreted...
This is meant to help you learn how to write a interpreter/virtual machine as well
as teach you the foundations of modern programming languages.
So how did this project get started?
Well its a long story actually, but here goes:
I got a book from my friend a long time ago
it was called The Atari Assembler by Don Inman and Kurt Inman
It was written in 1981 and explains about the atari 400 and 800 (6502 Instructions)
I wanted to use the language, so I decided to write a interpreter that would
preform the same tasks as the old assembly language..I always have been interested
in compilers / interpreters / assemblers, so I thought writing something like this
would help me Understand. Plus ive always wanted to write a program which interprets a
older systems way of operating kind of like a emulator.
Through doing this:
Learning the instructions and there opcodes, I began to have a firmer grasp
on my C and C++ programming .. This language is still very basic but i plan on making it
into a full virtual machine.. with special instructions that were not avialable back than
but still keeping the same look and feel of the old assembly language.
What this program contains:
The ability to output debug information in HTML instead of atari machine language
so you can look at what the
assembly code would be translated to, which mnemoics stand for which machine instructions
etc..
The ability to produce debug output into the stdout so you can see what is going
on after the program finishes execution.. like what memory locations it changes..
and the status of the registers and flags
new additions to the language:
Ability to use a Register as a variable on the instructions
Interupt Instruction to have the program be able to preform
special operations via a interupt system call which can point to addresses
of functions written in C.
Why use this program?
To help understand the foundations of current programming languages
--------------------------------------------
Command Line Arguments:
--debug
print debug to the stdout and a html file
now this mode should only be used if your applications dosent enter graphics mode
because it prints out to the stdout every instruction and the status of the registers
if your using a graphics mode application, than use the following
--debug=gfx
this will print the status of the current instruction pointer, and the status
of the registers to window its running in
this can be usefull for finding bugs
the first argument is the name of the script file
example
atari-vm script.ats
or
atari-vm script.ats --debug
of
atari-vm script.ats --debug=gfx
Section A:
--------------------------------------------
Notes on the language:
$ stands for Hexadecimal Address
# stands for decimal constant
#$ stands for Hexadecimal Constant
The Flags
0 = Negative Result Flag
1 = Overflow Flag
2 = Expansion Flag (Not Labeled)
3 = Break Command Flag
4 = Decimal Mode Flag
5 = Intereupt disable flag
6 = Zero result flag
7 = Carry Flag
Instructions:
ADC - Add Memory to Accumulator with Carry
AND - And Memory to Accumulator with Carry
ASL - Shift Left One Bit (memory or accumulator)
BCC - Branch if Carry Flag is clear
BCS - Branch if Carry Flag is set
BEQ - Branch on result Zero
BIT - Test bits in accumulator with memory
BMI - Branch on result minus
BNE - Branch if result not zero
BPL - Branch on result plus
BRK - Unconditional break
BVC - Branch on overflow clear
BVS - Branch on overflow set
CLC - Clear Carry Flag
CLD - Clear Decimal Flag
CLI - Clear Interupt Flag
CLV - Clear overflow Flag
CMP - Compare memory and accumulator
CPX - Compare Memory and Register X
CPY - Compare Memory and Reigster Y
DEC - Decrement Memory or accumulator
DEX - Decrement X Register
DEY - Decrement Y Register
EOR - Exculsive Or memory or accumulator
INC - Incrmeent Memory or accumulator
* INT - New Instruction: Interupt ( See Section B )
INX - Increment register X
INY - Increment register Y
JMP - Unconditonal Jump to Code label or address
JSR - Jump To Subroutine
LDA - Load accumulator with constant or memory
* LDM - New Instruction: Load Memory from at X register with constant string
LDX - Load X register with constant or memory
LDY - Load Y register with constant or memory
LSR - Shift right one bit
NOP - No operation
ORA - Or accumulator with constant or memory
PHA - Push accumulator onto the stack
PHP - Push proccesscor flags onto the stack
PLA - Pull (pop) accumulator from the stack
PLP - Pull (pop) proccesscor flags from the stack
ROL - Rotate bits one left
ROR - Rotate bits one right
RTI - Return from interupt
RTS - Return from subroutine
SBC - Subtract memory and borrow from accum
SEC - Set carry flag
SED - Set decimal flag
SEI - Set interupt flag
STA - Store accumulator in memory
STX - Store register X in memory
STY - Store register Y in memory
TAX - Transfer accumulator to X register
TAY - Transfer accumulator to Y register
TSX - Transfer stack pointer to Index X
TXA - Transfer register X to accumulator
TYA - Transfer register Y to accumulator
------------------------------------------
Section B:
New interupts:
The interupt instruction is followed by a constant
to stand for what will be called.. It manipulates the X,Y,A registers
and takes them for information for the specific interupt.
Current Supported New interupts
0x1
------
Syntax:
INT #01 - Print to the Screen
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of where to start to print the data to the stdout
Y register contains the value of where to stop printing the data to the stdout
INT #02 - Read From stdin
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of where to start to store data typed to the stdout
Y contains the value of where the input stops (length of the inputed string)
Examples:
------ Begin Code Snipit ---------------
*= $1000
; simple echo of what the person types
START ; code label
LDX #100 ; load X register with constant (#) value 100
INT $02 ; Interupt (*New*) 0x2 in Hex ($)
INT $01 ; Interupt (*New*) 0x1 in Hex ($)
END ; end code label
----------------------------------------
What this code does is Load the Register X with constant variable 0x100
than calls the interupt to 0x02 which asks the user for input
then calls the interupt with value 0x1 which prints to the screen
So how did it know where to stop printing?
the length of the string was stored in the Y register
and the start was stored in the X register
so when we call INT $01 it automaticly knows where to print
the data the user typed..
-----------------------------------------------
INT #03 - Read a decimal value
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the variable read in from the stdin
INT #04 - Read a Hexadecimal value
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the variable read in from the stdin
INT #$13 - Set the Video Mode
- Registerse Effected
X contains the value of the video mode being successfully set
INT #$14 - Proccess Events
- Registers Effected
X contains 1 if the program is going to end
- Keyboard Input
the keyboard offset is 0xFFFF
so the keys when there pressed are there regular values + 0xFFFF
notice you must use the full hexadecimal value to grap input from the keyboard
INT #$15 - Update Screen
- This will swap the current screen with the buffer stored in memory
so you plot the pixels, than swap the data in memory to the data in video memory
INT #$16 - Plot a Pixel
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the X cordinate of the screen
Y contains the value of the Y cordinate of the screen
A contains the value of the pixel to be set
Notice were working in 8 bit mode since the accumulator is 1 byte
So $FF is white and $00 is black
INT #$17 - Fill Accumulator with Random value
A Contains a random number 0x0 - 0xFF
INT #$18 - FIll accumulator with random value range
X contains start of random value range
Y contains end of random value range
INT #$19 - Test key value from Register Y and put state in Register X
X contains the value of whether the key is pressed
Y contains the key to test
INT #$056 - Print String to Video Buffer
Use the special Instruction LDM with a string (allows backslash escape character sequence)
Example:
LDA #100
LDM "Test\n"
will load Test\n into Memory location 100 (decimal)
and store the end point of the memory in register Y
$56 has special memory locations that you should be aware of
$FFE13
and $FFE14 contain the X,Y cordinate for printing of the screen
how to use:
; ------------------------ begin code snipit ------------------------------
LDA #$0
LDM "Score: \n"
STA $1FE11
STY $1FE12
INT #$13
LDA #$25
STA $FFFF25
LDA #255
STA $FFE13
LDA #0
STA $FFE14
LDA #$FF
STA $1299
GAME
LDA $1FE11
LDY $1FE12
INT #$56
LDA $FFE19
STA $FFE17
LDX #$FF
STX $FFE15
LDA #270
LDX #55
LDY #0
INT #$58
JSR DRAWSCREEN
INT #$15
; test if escape key was pressed
LDY #$1B
INT #$19
CPY #0
BNE END
; test for now
JSR ADDSCORE
; fill the screen with black
LDX #0
INT #$57
JMP GAME ; loop back up to the start of the game loop
END
; draw rectangle subroutine
DRAWRECT ; takes X,Y, and accumulator
; ------------------------------------------------------------------
STA $FFFF15
STX $FFFF11
STY $FFFF1
LDA $FFFF25
ADC #5
STA $FFFF25
MAJOR
LDY $FFFF1
MINI
LDA $FFFF25
INT #$16
INY
LDA $FFFF1
ADC #16
STA $FFFF15
CPY $FFFF15
BNE MINI
INX
LDA $FFFF11
ADC #32
STA $FFFF2
CPX $FFFF2
BNE MAJOR
RTS
; draw of the screen subroutine
DRAWSCREEN
INT #$14
LDX #5
LDY #5
STX $FFFF18
STY $FFFF19
BIGLOOP
LOOP
LDA #$FF
LDX $FFFF18
LDY $FFFF19
JSR DRAWRECT
LDA $FFFF18
ADC #36
STA $FFFF18
CMP #0
BNE LOOP
LDX #5
STX $FFFF18
LDA $FFFF19
ADC #20
STA $FFFF19
CMP #0
BNE BIGLOOP
RTS
; Add to Score subroutine
ADDSCORE
LDA $FFE19
ADC #1
STA $FFE19
RTS
; ---------------------------- end code snipit
INT #$057 - System callback
X contains the Address of the callback
- Address #$0 is fill screen with black (fast)
- more to be implemented soon or you can add your own callbacks
INT #$058 - Print Decimal Value to the string
X contains the screen X cordinate
Y contains the screen Y cordinate
Accumulator contains the value
Memory location: $FFE15 contains the color
Section C:
-- Tutorial on the Language
Okay so why would we want to learn a very old assembly langauge?
To better understand the roots of current programming languages:
First thing you need to learn about the VM's registers and what they do..
There are 3 general purpose registers, X,Y,and A (Accumulator)
There is also a special register called the flags register which contains
information that the instructions act on.. For example
LDA #0
LOOP ADC #1
CMP #$FF
BNE LOOP
In the above statements first we use the LDA mnemoic (or Load Acumulator instruction)
and give it the operand of $0001 hex or 1 Decimal
Then we set a code label and name it loop . than we ADC ( Add with carry to acumulator )
with the operand of $0001 hex or 1 decimal
Now heres the important instruction
CMP $#FF compare the value FF with the value in the acumulator and set bit 0 of
the flags register with ethier 1 or 0 depending on the result of the compare
Most of the instructions explain themselves...
But heres some examples anyway: They can be found in the demo scripts folder..
Im workin on MasterPiece in the Atari Assembly Language, ill release it soon as i finish
Notes for PSP
-------------
name your font term.mxf (use a MasterX Font)
name your script default.ats
place default.ats in the same folder as EBOOT.PBP
load the game as normal
Im releasing this as ALPHA since its not done yet so it might not work 100%, and the source code will be released very soon.. as soon as I finish writing masterpiece in atari assembly,
its tough.
Also any feedback or ideas for possible new instructions is always welcome.. If you have any questions email me [email protected]
-------------------------
What exactly is this program?
Its a Virtual Machine, NOT a Emulator.. It interprets Atari 800 Assembly Language
with a few extra instructions for modern computers
NO you cannot run Atari 800 ROMS but if you get the assembly source than it can be
interpreted...
This is meant to help you learn how to write a interpreter/virtual machine as well
as teach you the foundations of modern programming languages.
So how did this project get started?
Well its a long story actually, but here goes:
I got a book from my friend a long time ago
it was called The Atari Assembler by Don Inman and Kurt Inman
It was written in 1981 and explains about the atari 400 and 800 (6502 Instructions)
I wanted to use the language, so I decided to write a interpreter that would
preform the same tasks as the old assembly language..I always have been interested
in compilers / interpreters / assemblers, so I thought writing something like this
would help me Understand. Plus ive always wanted to write a program which interprets a
older systems way of operating kind of like a emulator.
Through doing this:
Learning the instructions and there opcodes, I began to have a firmer grasp
on my C and C++ programming .. This language is still very basic but i plan on making it
into a full virtual machine.. with special instructions that were not avialable back than
but still keeping the same look and feel of the old assembly language.
What this program contains:
The ability to output debug information in HTML instead of atari machine language
so you can look at what the
assembly code would be translated to, which mnemoics stand for which machine instructions
etc..
The ability to produce debug output into the stdout so you can see what is going
on after the program finishes execution.. like what memory locations it changes..
and the status of the registers and flags
new additions to the language:
Ability to use a Register as a variable on the instructions
Interupt Instruction to have the program be able to preform
special operations via a interupt system call which can point to addresses
of functions written in C.
Why use this program?
To help understand the foundations of current programming languages
--------------------------------------------
Command Line Arguments:
--debug
print debug to the stdout and a html file
now this mode should only be used if your applications dosent enter graphics mode
because it prints out to the stdout every instruction and the status of the registers
if your using a graphics mode application, than use the following
--debug=gfx
this will print the status of the current instruction pointer, and the status
of the registers to window its running in
this can be usefull for finding bugs
the first argument is the name of the script file
example
atari-vm script.ats
or
atari-vm script.ats --debug
of
atari-vm script.ats --debug=gfx
Section A:
--------------------------------------------
Notes on the language:
$ stands for Hexadecimal Address
# stands for decimal constant
#$ stands for Hexadecimal Constant
The Flags
0 = Negative Result Flag
1 = Overflow Flag
2 = Expansion Flag (Not Labeled)
3 = Break Command Flag
4 = Decimal Mode Flag
5 = Intereupt disable flag
6 = Zero result flag
7 = Carry Flag
Instructions:
ADC - Add Memory to Accumulator with Carry
AND - And Memory to Accumulator with Carry
ASL - Shift Left One Bit (memory or accumulator)
BCC - Branch if Carry Flag is clear
BCS - Branch if Carry Flag is set
BEQ - Branch on result Zero
BIT - Test bits in accumulator with memory
BMI - Branch on result minus
BNE - Branch if result not zero
BPL - Branch on result plus
BRK - Unconditional break
BVC - Branch on overflow clear
BVS - Branch on overflow set
CLC - Clear Carry Flag
CLD - Clear Decimal Flag
CLI - Clear Interupt Flag
CLV - Clear overflow Flag
CMP - Compare memory and accumulator
CPX - Compare Memory and Register X
CPY - Compare Memory and Reigster Y
DEC - Decrement Memory or accumulator
DEX - Decrement X Register
DEY - Decrement Y Register
EOR - Exculsive Or memory or accumulator
INC - Incrmeent Memory or accumulator
* INT - New Instruction: Interupt ( See Section B )
INX - Increment register X
INY - Increment register Y
JMP - Unconditonal Jump to Code label or address
JSR - Jump To Subroutine
LDA - Load accumulator with constant or memory
* LDM - New Instruction: Load Memory from at X register with constant string
LDX - Load X register with constant or memory
LDY - Load Y register with constant or memory
LSR - Shift right one bit
NOP - No operation
ORA - Or accumulator with constant or memory
PHA - Push accumulator onto the stack
PHP - Push proccesscor flags onto the stack
PLA - Pull (pop) accumulator from the stack
PLP - Pull (pop) proccesscor flags from the stack
ROL - Rotate bits one left
ROR - Rotate bits one right
RTI - Return from interupt
RTS - Return from subroutine
SBC - Subtract memory and borrow from accum
SEC - Set carry flag
SED - Set decimal flag
SEI - Set interupt flag
STA - Store accumulator in memory
STX - Store register X in memory
STY - Store register Y in memory
TAX - Transfer accumulator to X register
TAY - Transfer accumulator to Y register
TSX - Transfer stack pointer to Index X
TXA - Transfer register X to accumulator
TYA - Transfer register Y to accumulator
------------------------------------------
Section B:
New interupts:
The interupt instruction is followed by a constant
to stand for what will be called.. It manipulates the X,Y,A registers
and takes them for information for the specific interupt.
Current Supported New interupts
0x1
------
Syntax:
INT #01 - Print to the Screen
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of where to start to print the data to the stdout
Y register contains the value of where to stop printing the data to the stdout
INT #02 - Read From stdin
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of where to start to store data typed to the stdout
Y contains the value of where the input stops (length of the inputed string)
Examples:
------ Begin Code Snipit ---------------
*= $1000
; simple echo of what the person types
START ; code label
LDX #100 ; load X register with constant (#) value 100
INT $02 ; Interupt (*New*) 0x2 in Hex ($)
INT $01 ; Interupt (*New*) 0x1 in Hex ($)
END ; end code label
----------------------------------------
What this code does is Load the Register X with constant variable 0x100
than calls the interupt to 0x02 which asks the user for input
then calls the interupt with value 0x1 which prints to the screen
So how did it know where to stop printing?
the length of the string was stored in the Y register
and the start was stored in the X register
so when we call INT $01 it automaticly knows where to print
the data the user typed..
-----------------------------------------------
INT #03 - Read a decimal value
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the variable read in from the stdin
INT #04 - Read a Hexadecimal value
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the variable read in from the stdin
INT #$13 - Set the Video Mode
- Registerse Effected
X contains the value of the video mode being successfully set
INT #$14 - Proccess Events
- Registers Effected
X contains 1 if the program is going to end
- Keyboard Input
the keyboard offset is 0xFFFF
so the keys when there pressed are there regular values + 0xFFFF
notice you must use the full hexadecimal value to grap input from the keyboard
INT #$15 - Update Screen
- This will swap the current screen with the buffer stored in memory
so you plot the pixels, than swap the data in memory to the data in video memory
INT #$16 - Plot a Pixel
- Registers Effected
X contains the value of the X cordinate of the screen
Y contains the value of the Y cordinate of the screen
A contains the value of the pixel to be set
Notice were working in 8 bit mode since the accumulator is 1 byte
So $FF is white and $00 is black
INT #$17 - Fill Accumulator with Random value
A Contains a random number 0x0 - 0xFF
INT #$18 - FIll accumulator with random value range
X contains start of random value range
Y contains end of random value range
INT #$19 - Test key value from Register Y and put state in Register X
X contains the value of whether the key is pressed
Y contains the key to test
INT #$056 - Print String to Video Buffer
Use the special Instruction LDM with a string (allows backslash escape character sequence)
Example:
LDA #100
LDM "Test\n"
will load Test\n into Memory location 100 (decimal)
and store the end point of the memory in register Y
$56 has special memory locations that you should be aware of
$FFE13
and $FFE14 contain the X,Y cordinate for printing of the screen
how to use:
; ------------------------ begin code snipit ------------------------------
LDA #$0
LDM "Score: \n"
STA $1FE11
STY $1FE12
INT #$13
LDA #$25
STA $FFFF25
LDA #255
STA $FFE13
LDA #0
STA $FFE14
LDA #$FF
STA $1299
GAME
LDA $1FE11
LDY $1FE12
INT #$56
LDA $FFE19
STA $FFE17
LDX #$FF
STX $FFE15
LDA #270
LDX #55
LDY #0
INT #$58
JSR DRAWSCREEN
INT #$15
; test if escape key was pressed
LDY #$1B
INT #$19
CPY #0
BNE END
; test for now
JSR ADDSCORE
; fill the screen with black
LDX #0
INT #$57
JMP GAME ; loop back up to the start of the game loop
END
; draw rectangle subroutine
DRAWRECT ; takes X,Y, and accumulator
; ------------------------------------------------------------------
STA $FFFF15
STX $FFFF11
STY $FFFF1
LDA $FFFF25
ADC #5
STA $FFFF25
MAJOR
LDY $FFFF1
MINI
LDA $FFFF25
INT #$16
INY
LDA $FFFF1
ADC #16
STA $FFFF15
CPY $FFFF15
BNE MINI
INX
LDA $FFFF11
ADC #32
STA $FFFF2
CPX $FFFF2
BNE MAJOR
RTS
; draw of the screen subroutine
DRAWSCREEN
INT #$14
LDX #5
LDY #5
STX $FFFF18
STY $FFFF19
BIGLOOP
LOOP
LDA #$FF
LDX $FFFF18
LDY $FFFF19
JSR DRAWRECT
LDA $FFFF18
ADC #36
STA $FFFF18
CMP #0
BNE LOOP
LDX #5
STX $FFFF18
LDA $FFFF19
ADC #20
STA $FFFF19
CMP #0
BNE BIGLOOP
RTS
; Add to Score subroutine
ADDSCORE
LDA $FFE19
ADC #1
STA $FFE19
RTS
; ---------------------------- end code snipit
INT #$057 - System callback
X contains the Address of the callback
- Address #$0 is fill screen with black (fast)
- more to be implemented soon or you can add your own callbacks
INT #$058 - Print Decimal Value to the string
X contains the screen X cordinate
Y contains the screen Y cordinate
Accumulator contains the value
Memory location: $FFE15 contains the color
Section C:
-- Tutorial on the Language
Okay so why would we want to learn a very old assembly langauge?
To better understand the roots of current programming languages:
First thing you need to learn about the VM's registers and what they do..
There are 3 general purpose registers, X,Y,and A (Accumulator)
There is also a special register called the flags register which contains
information that the instructions act on.. For example
LDA #0
LOOP ADC #1
CMP #$FF
BNE LOOP
In the above statements first we use the LDA mnemoic (or Load Acumulator instruction)
and give it the operand of $0001 hex or 1 Decimal
Then we set a code label and name it loop . than we ADC ( Add with carry to acumulator )
with the operand of $0001 hex or 1 decimal
Now heres the important instruction
CMP $#FF compare the value FF with the value in the acumulator and set bit 0 of
the flags register with ethier 1 or 0 depending on the result of the compare
Most of the instructions explain themselves...
But heres some examples anyway: They can be found in the demo scripts folder..
Im workin on MasterPiece in the Atari Assembly Language, ill release it soon as i finish
Notes for PSP
-------------
name your font term.mxf (use a MasterX Font)
name your script default.ats
place default.ats in the same folder as EBOOT.PBP
load the game as normal
Im releasing this as ALPHA since its not done yet so it might not work 100%, and the source code will be released very soon.. as soon as I finish writing masterpiece in atari assembly,
its tough.
Also any feedback or ideas for possible new instructions is always welcome.. If you have any questions email me [email protected]